Japanese Verb Conjugations Group Two

Students learning to speak and read Japanese have to learn an new alphabet and new ways of pronunciation which can be challenging at first. But they catch a break when it comes to some of the finer points of the language. Unlike the more complicated verb conjugations of Romance languages, in Japanese, verbs dont have a different form to indicate first- second- and third-person. There are no differences in singular and plural forms, and like English, there is no different gender for verbs.   Japanese verbs are roughly divided into three groups according to their dictionary form (basic form). There are only two irregular verbs (which are classified as group three) in Japanese:  kuru (to come) and suru (to do). Group one verbs end in ~ u and are also known as consonant -stem or godan verbs. Then theres group two. These verbs are much easier to conjugate, as they all have the same basic conjugation patterns. Group two verbs in Japanese  end in  either ~iru or ~ eru. This group is also called vowel-stem-verbs or Ichidan-doushi (Ichidan verbs). Here are some examples of vowel-stem verbs and their conjugations.   neru (to sleep) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) neru Formal Present(~ masu Form) nemasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) neta Formal Past nemashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) nenai Formal Negative nemasen Informal Past Negative nenakatta Formal Past Negative nemasen deshita ~ te Form nete Conditional nereba Volitional neyou Passive nerareru Causative nesaseru Potential nerareru Imperative(Command) nero Examples: Neko wa neru no ga suki da. Cats like sleeping. Watashi wa Futon de nemasu. I sleep on a futon. Sakuya Yoku nerarenakatta. I didnt sleep well last night. oshieru (to teach, to tell) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) oshieru Formal Present(~ masu Form) oshiemasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) oshieta Formal Past oshiemashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) oshienai Formal Negative oshiemasen Informal Past Negative oshienakatta Formal Past Negative oshiemasen deshita ~ te Form oshiete Conditional oshietara Volitional oshieyou Passive oshierareru Causative oshiesaseru Potential oshierareru Imperative(Command) oshiero Examples: Nihon de eigo o oshiete imasu. I teach English in Japan. Oyogikata o oshiete. Teach me how to swim. Eki e iku michi o oshiete kudasai. Can you tell me the way to the station. miru (to see, to look) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) miru Formal Present(~ masu Form) mimasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) mita Formal Past mimashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) minai Formal Negative mimasen Informal Past Negative minakatta Formal Past Negative mimasen deshita ~ te Form mite Conditional mireba Volitional miyou Passive mirareru Causative misaseru Potential mirareru Imperative(Command) miro Examples: Kono eiga o mimashita ka. Did you see this movie? Terebi o mite mo ii desu ka. May I watch TV? Chizu o mireba wakarimasu yo. If you look at the map,you will understand. taberu (to eat) Informal Present(Dictionary Form) taberu Formal Present(~ masu Form) tabemasu Informal Past (~ ta Form) tabeta Formal Past tabemashita Informal Negative(~ nai Form) tabenai Formal Negative tabemasen Informal Past Negative tabenakatta Formal Past Negative tabemasen deshita ~ te Form tabete Conditional tabereba Volitional tabeyou Passive taberareru Causative tabesaseru Potential taberareru Imperative(Command) tabero Examples: Kyou asagohan o tabenakatta. I didnt have breakfast today. Kangofu wa byounin ni ringo o tabesaseta. The nurse fed an apple to the patient. Sore, taberareru no? Can you eat this?

The Tragedy of the Holocaust and How it Developed Essay

We have all seen the movies. Improbable situations, villains, heroes and of course just like all great movies, good always triumphs over evil. What would happen if the hero just sat back and let the villain win? Evil would overcome good, not to mention everyone who depended on the hero would be in danger. Although our everyday lives may not consist of evil villains and heroes in tights, they have been filled with good and evil. The only difference is good does not always prevail. Time and time again we have witnessed acts of terror and vice, one of the most renowned being the Holocaust. Over six million Jews were brutally murdered in Europe. How did the world let this happen? Sir Edmund Burke summed it up by saying, â€Å"All that is necessary†¦show more content†¦America received numbers of reports stating claims of Jews being murdered in concentration camps all across Europe, but swept them under the rug. American’s like Breckinridge Long, the head of the State Dep artment, strongly opposed letting more Jewish immigrants into America. Through his exaggerated testimonies of how many Jews were actually being let into the country, laws were passed that drastically affected the ones still living in Europe. Visas were postponed leaving many Jews stranded, crushing their last resort for hope; America. Numerous Americans saw the destruction our immigration laws were causing and tried to show that we needed to help the Jews. Henry Morganthal started a Jewish pageant that toured five major cities in order to raise awareness of the Jews horrid fate. Finally, in 1944 after over 4 years of staying silent, President Roosevelt passed the War Refuge Board. This was a plan to rescue all of the Jews being held captive. Although this plan of action saved over 200,000 Jews, it was activated a little to late compared to the six million lost over the years before. We, who could have been the hero, sat back and watched as innocent victims of violence and evil were over powered. America knew of the severity of the situation but still chose to ignore it. Because of this, millions suffered and although we could not see it, it was very much real. It is lived outShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of The Holocaust1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe Holocaust is, by definition, a tragedy. HaShoah, the Hebrew word for the Holocaust, translates to â€Å"the catastrophe.† The very notion of humor during the Holocaust may seem incongruous, appalling, and wildly inappropriate. Tragedy is seen as serious, while comedy is typically lighthearted in nature. However, there is precedence for ‘comic relief,’ the presence of humor in tragedy with the desired effect to relieve tension. Frequently, comic relief is used so that tragedy does not overshadow usRead MoreWar Wrecked their Life Essay1099 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Fugitive Pieces† by Anne Michaels is written in a powerful way to show the feelings of people who have gone through experience of their beloved ones’ painful deaths. There are two protagonists, Jakob and Ben who lead the broken life, as a result of the tragedy that not even the future generations will ever forget. They’re both left with damaged souls from the war; although they belong in two different generations, they still have an essential intersection point —of endless sorrow and pain. It’s not a storyRead MoreElie Wiesels Speech : The Perils Of Indifference1340 Words   |  6 Pagestriumph† Throughout millennia, despite many differences in language, cultural, and social structures, humans all developed the same characteristics like, for one; their approach in tragedies happening around the world. When responding to tragedies, humans can either be aghast, furious, and eager to do whatever they can to help or they can be in support of the people who caused the tragedy. However, there is one response that is arguably worse than the latter; being indifferent. On April 12 , 1999, ElieRead MoreThe Perils Of Indifference By Elie Wiesel1306 Words   |  6 Pagesto triumph†. Throughout millennia, despite many differences in language, cultural, and social structures, humans all developed the same characteristics in their approach in tragedies happening around the world. When responding to tragedies, humans can either be aghast, furious, and eager to do whatever they can to help or they can be in support of the people who caused the tragedy. However, there is one response that is arguably worse than the latter: being indifferent. On April 12, 1999, Elie WieselRead MoreHistory: The Holocaust a Human Error Essay864 Words   |  4 Pagesthe negative events, we learn what went wrong and how to prevent similar tragedies from happening. From the positive, we gather knowledge and comprehension of the basis of our modern society. We are a self- repairing race, analyzing every flaw and figuring out what caused it. Its an ancient practice, trial and error i s human nature. However, one of these errors hold a specific purpose in history classes. Similar, yet different. The Holocaust was so intesely horrific, so widespread, and such aRead MoreThe Holocaust Of Auschwitz And Buchenwald From 1944-19451633 Words   |  7 Pagesworld have been caught in history books but between the ones that have held to the memory of people is the holocaust. The Holocaust was a very disturbing event that triggered an eye-opener for individuals about how harsh humans can be. The purpose for this is since the vast number of victims and questions as to what was the actual motive behind the need to defeat a whole community. Holocaust is an organized, state financed torment and slaying of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi governmentRead MoreVladeks Quirks and Habits1594 Words   |  7 Pages5-12-14 Vladek’s Reaction to the Holocaust The Holocaust was a traumatizing and depressing time period in history due to the Nazis in the leadership of their dictator Adolf Hitler. The Nazis were a Political Party during World War ΙΙ from 1941 through 1945. Many Jews during this time were discriminated, murdered, and humiliated in front of many other Jews and Germans. â€Å"Six million Jews died in a merciless way at the hands of the Nazis† (Sherbok 1). The Holocaust is an unforgettable period in historyRead MoreHitler’s Roots in Darwin One would agree that the Nazi holocaust actually happened and was600 Words   |  3 PagesHitler’s Roots in Darwin One would agree that the Nazi holocaust actually happened and was devastatingly tragic. It is also not a very great jump of faith to realize that one of the many factors that produced the holocaust and possibly World War II was the belief in survival of the fittest and if the fit were to survive as part of evolutionary progress the weak must be eliminated. Hitler and his supporter’s motives are very hard to diagnose. As the title of this paper suggests, the role of Darwin’sRead MoreThe Devil s Arithmetic By Jane Yolen889 Words   |  4 Pageswe actually experience them ourselves. No matter how much we research, how many pictures we observe, or even the personal stories from the individuals who endure those hard times. We can imagine the pain and tragedy of it, however, can we truly understand it? In The Devil’s Arithmetic by Jane Yolen, is a character named Hannah Stern who undergoes a glimpse of such a tragedy and completely shifts her outlook on her family’s history in the Holocaust. Throughout the story, Hannah depicts an unappreciativeRead MoreEnglish Creative Task : Holly Lowe, Microelectronics, Antibiotics, Laser Technology, The Smartphone And Nuclear Weapons1140 Words   |  5 PagesThrough the steady introduction of all of these things, our society gradually developed and progressed. However, we to day are not really that different from the people of Salem in the late 1600’s. So how have we been able to make such remarkable advancements yet still in a sense have not developed at all? The answer to this lies in the Salem Witch Trials and other major and tragic historical events such as the Holocaust and the rapid spread of terrorism, especially through social media propaganda

William Loyd Garrison Free Essays

â€Å"I will be Heard† William Lloyd Garrison Struggle against slavery In the early years of William Lloyd Garrison, Garrison believed in a gradual emancipation. In the later years, Garrison’s views on slavery changed. He believed that there was only one true way of abolishing slavery, and that the most powerful way was through moral persuasion. We will write a custom essay sample on William Loyd Garrison or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although, Garrison was willing to allow a standard for slaves which was different from his personal views in using only moral persuasion. He believed that it was impossible to hold slaves to his standards of persuasion. Garrison also believed that the oppressed may be justified in using force when necessary. Garrison and his colleague Isaac Knapp, and several others had started to write a journal called The Liberator. This journal struck at the very heart of slavery, bringing forth the evils of its creation and denying our utmost principles of humanity. The Liberator also struck at the Declaration of Independence declaring that all men are equal and by that very pen which the Declaration was created sets forth hypocrisy in which knows no bounds through the depths of slavery itself. The Church was also held accountable for its refusal to condemn slavery. This journal was a radical viewpoint in the nineteenth century. Garrison’s views were particularly unpopular in the South where slaves were more abundant and was the essential element of the economy. Even in the North, with New York being the largest holding slave state, had no intentions of a total emancipation. Americans had no desire to live with people of African descent. Many white Americans believed that those of African descent were unfit for full participation in the new republic. Within the different areas of the North free blacks were withheld from entry into public places, churches, schools and warned those free people of color that if they did not voluntarily leave that they would be removed. Often they were assaulted physically as well as verbally. Free blacks were also denied the right to vote, sit on a jury, testify in court, carry a gun or even travel freely. Free people of African descent faced many obstacles in America. Many opponents of slavery believed the only possible way of total abolition were upon removing free blacks from the country. In the first issue of The Liberator, Garrison apologized for his previous support for the pernicious doctrine of gradual abolition† a belief that he no longer supported. Garrison demanded an immediate end to slavery. He condemned slavery as a sin. He believed in the principles of human equality and he was persistent in denouncing the evils of slave holding. He believed in the eyes of God that white and black could not be distinguished. The refore should not be distinguished in man made laws as well. The Liberator sparked opposition due to the radical assault on the society of the American republic on white over black. Before the circulation of The Liberator the District of Columbia tried to keep it from being distributed by prohibiting free people of African descent from attaining copies at the post office. In North Carolina Garrison was indicted for distributing his literature and in Georgia the legislature offered a five thousand dollar bounty for anyone arresting Garrison. In the years that followed he began to attract the more moderate community. This group did not repudiate the Constitution for the antislavery coalition they embraced it and worked within the system to build political parties that would overturn slavery. For some reason Garrison distanced himself from oliticians who campaigned on the antislavery ticket. Although, he did not discourage their assault on slavery. Likewise, the antislavery politicians also distanced themselves from Garrison and his group. Although, no one would refuse the effectiveness of that was drawn from the assault on slavery. Soon after the reelection in 1864 Lincoln invited Garrison to the White House. Lincoln r emarked that he considered himself â€Å"only an instrument in the struggle for emancipation. † â€Å"The logic and moral power of Garrison and the antislavery people of the country and the army, have done it all. † â€Å"The liberator had been heard. † How to cite William Loyd Garrison, Essay examples

Content Analysis of Shawshank Redemption-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the qualitative content analysis of hollywood and bollywood with few examples in it. Answer: Introduction The film, Shawshank redemption, was directed by Frank Darabont and the fundamental themes used in the film were hope and redemption. It is an inspiring story about Andy Dufreine and his capability to maintain hope in adverse situations. The director has used several effective methods to display the signs of hope in adverse situations. It is stated that Andy used to maintain the hope in difficult situations by diverting his attention to fruitful works. Andy used to help people, which assisted him is remaining hopeful in his life (Grady, Magistrale, 2016). There are several subtle themes used in the movie, such as hope, redemption, and appreciating freedom. Along with it, the director has also used several other approaches such as music and visual display to support these themes. In this essence, the present essay will discuss different themes used in the film to give the final message. Major Themes Embedded in the Movie The first theme used in the film is that of redemption or the possibility of freedom in extremely adverse situations. It states that there is always possibility of redemption irrespective of the person or the sin. This sentiment towards redemption indicates that it is always necessary to have hope in all the situations. The film further elaborates that there are always chances of redemption, however, it may be overlooked or not completely appreciated. Throughout the movie, several probabilities were shown to move out of jail, which were later rejected. However, Andy does not lose hope and makes endeavors to get released from the jail. The final release of Andy was unexpected; however, shows his immense belief in himself, his willpower and God. Spirituality is also a strong theme of the movie (King, 2017). According to the theme of the film, Andy does not achieve redemption as his crime is not equitable for the sin that he has committed. Therefore, Andy is not satisfied with the judic ial redemption and seeks more freedom. The film emphasizes the spiritual nature of the central character, Andy. The film further elaborates that Andy is spiritual in nature. This theme is included in the film, as the film cannot show penance for expiation as it would have been highly dramatic and unfair for the criminal action (Barber, 2015). However, Andy goes through a tough time to achieve salvation. Another theme used in the film is to keep the hope alive. The central character of the film never leaves hope to attain freedom. He has high hopes to achieve freedom lest the judicial system fails him. In the film, the system fails him; however, he does not lose hope and endeavors for his individual redemption. The film also states that keeping the individual hope alive does not mean to sit back or have a laid back attitude; however, it means that the participants work to achieve their goals. Further, the film states that in order to keep hope alive, one must become an active agent. Throughout the film, the power of hope in the life is demonstrated. There are subtle signs which shows that hope rather than anything else drives the inmates at Shawshank and provide them the willpower to live their life in a happy manner (Myers, 2016). The inmates at the prison were able to live properly without any frustration and anger of the confinement with the help of hope only. It can be critiqued that hope is an abstract emotion, which is passive and imbibed in the inert lives of the prisoners. Andy uses this hope to dig a tunnel inside the land and makes an agonizing progress in several years. He was a rational man with a well-tempered disposition. He does not succumb to the prisons life and remains motivated to find freedom. Red, a prison inmate notices that Tommy Williams revelation that he can prove the innocence of Andy gives birth to a ray of hope in the mind of Andy and other prison inmates. The emphasis on the hope is also shown through a letter, in which Andy writes that Hope is a good thing. At the end, hope is the only thing left for Andy (Kermode, 2003). He reinvigorates the hope and spread it among other inmates in the prison. The decision of Red to go to Mexico shows that Red has finally achieved redemption. It is not because of his life as a criminal, but because of the compromised state in which the made several good deeds and never gave up on hope. However, the film also emphasizes that hope is a difficult concept and it is challenging to sustain hope both inside and outside the jail. The film also emphasizes on appreciating freedom. In the final scene of the movie, Andy finally gets the freedom, which he has desired for long. In the final scene, he has made his way through the tunnel, which he has created for several years. The scene depicts, that the individual is sliding through the drain pipe into a stream, running away from the prison inspectors and finally standing with arms outstretched looking towards the sky. He tilts back his head as the freedom fall upon him. The freedom and the open air are shown through the medium of falling rain, which led to ultimate redemption (Fossard Riber, 2005). It led to the formation of the most iconic scene of the film, in which the central character rips off his shirt and stand in the heavy rain. Although the threat of capture and the re-imprisonment is still high, but he is very happy as he attained the results of his hard work. In the final scene, there must be a million things running through his mind, he takes time to run off from all of these things and enjoy the freedom that he has craved for so many years. The scene depicts that the freedom is a precious gift; and how it can be taken without any justifiable cause (Sharma, 2015). The film is based on the premise of finding freedom or redemption. However, several times, it is difficult to find this freedom; therefore, it must be completely appreciated. In the secondary themes, the film also depicts the burden of isolation and imprisonment among the prisoners. Each of the prisoners in the wall is locked up, having some psychological challenges to face the outside world. Isolation is one of the worst psychological feelings, which can lead to ultimate depression and loss of hope. They are made prisoner metaphorically, as they are not able to function in the unregulated world outside the prison walls. The prison of the film has several level isolation, which includes the enclosed recreation yards to the smaller work crew form the cellblock, and solitary confinement (Ebert, 1994). The prison is a multilayered world which comprises of several people, who have been forcibly removed from the outside world. There are various elements such as the bars, schedules, and the sadistic inspectors, which create entrapment and suffocation for the employees. The prisoners also have isolated themselves from each other and the outside world which enhan ces gave them a feeling of the community. Although these criminals seem hardened and cynical criminals from outside, they have their own insecurities. There major insecurity is that they were maladjusted outcasts, who were not able to function outside the normal prison system (Shmoop, 2018). One of the major characters, Elwood Blatch was one such individual. He was a bragger and egocentric, who used to tell stories of his extraordinary crimes. Most of the criminals understand that his stories are just imagination and he is not the master criminal that he makes himself. Red is another criminal, who is also desirous of freedom and constantly thinks about it. However, it is shown that Red is afraid of freedom. He is afraid of being paroled and gives a negative impression to the judging jury (Gotham Writers Workshop, 2008). However, at the end of the film, he gives proper answers and is eventually released from the jail. The most significant challenge for Red is to find a place in the s ociety after forty years. However, at the end, Andy recounts his escape, which allows him to face fears and search for the psychological freedom and solace. Conclusion It can be concluded that the content analysis can be used for analyzing qualitative data or visual content. In the present discussion paper, the content analysis of Shawshank Redemption, directed by Frank Darabont has been undertaken. The fundamental themes discussed in the film are redemption, existence of hope and desire of freedom. In the narrative of the film, Andy, a man wrongly accused, tried and convicted in jail, try to obtain freedom. The film depicts his struggle and the constant hope, which gives him power to endure the prison torture. References Barber, S. (2015). Using film as a source. Oxford University Press. Ebert, R. (1994). The Shawshank Redemption. Reviews. [Online]. Available at: https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-shawshank-redemption-1994 [Accessed on: 23 February 2018]. Fossard, E., Riber, J. (2005). Writing and Producing for Television and Film. SAGE Publications. Gotham Writers Workshop. (2008). Writing Movies: The Practical Guide to Creating Stellar Screenplays. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. Grady, M., Magistrale, T. (2016). The Shawshank Experience: Tracking the History of the Worlds Favorite Movie. Springer. Kermode, M. (2003). The Shawshank redemption. British Film Institute. King, S. (2017). Different Seasons: Four Novellas. Simon and Schuster. Myers, S. (2016). Movie Analysis: The Shawshank RedemptionThemes. Medium. [Online]. Available at: https://gointothestory.blcklst.com/movie-analysis-the-shawshank-redemption-themes-b4cbeb169322 [Accessed on: 23 February 2018]. Sharma, R. (2015). Ready Reference Treatise: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. Lulu Press, Inc. Shmoop. (2018). THE SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION THEMES. [Online]. Available at: https://www.shmoop.com/shawshank-redemption/themes.html [Accessed on: 23 February 2018]

Joy Luck Club Essays (527 words) - Chinatown, San Francisco, Family

Joy Luck Club The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, is a powerful portrayal of four Chinese women and the lives of their children in America. The book discusses the conflicting cultures between the United States and China, and how men treat women throughout their lives. People living in the United States usually take for granted their roles as a male or female. The culture of each country shapes the treatment one receives based on the sex of the individual. There are obvious differences within the different cultures. These differences show themselves in the work force, the distinct tasks performed in the home, and the privileges one receives in society. In the work force, the women of America hold many positions of importance. They are usually treated as equals with men and there are few jobs from which they are excluded. In China, women are expected to stay at home and are not permitted to be in a work force that is held exclusively for men. The women of America receive fair wages and have earned the right to work with men. In China, women are assigned the role of housewives and must stay at home to clean the house and raise the children. Women in America receive educations that will prepare them for the high paying jobs of a professional. The women in China are known for taking orders from their husbands. Another feature that is found to be different in China from America is the different roles women take in the home. The author explains that a Chinese woman is expected to be a good wife for her chosen husband. Girls are promised at an early age to a man. The story "The Red Candle" shows an arranged marriage where the author sacrificed her life to fulfill her parents' promise of marriage when she was only two years old. At the marriage ceremony the candle is lit at both ends and if neither end goes out it will be a successful marriage. Of course, the woman was the one held responsible for making the marriage a successful one. In an American marriage, each person is held accountable for the success of a marriage. There are no arranged marriages and no matchmakers as in the Chinese culture. Marriage is expected to be for love not to fulfill promises between families. Another difference reflected in the book is that the women in China have different privileges than men. In the story, Amy Tan, showed how women were not important enough to choose many things for themselves. They were given all the orders and were expected to follow them without question. They did not have choice in whom they married and whether they worked. Girls were also given to other families when they were young. A son could never go to another home to live. The women of America would never stand for this treatment. They are educated and make their own decisions. Differences in the cultures of Chinese and American women are numerous. Lena St. Clair says it best when she talks about the equality she has with her coworker, Harold. This is not possible in China, however, it is expected in America. The women in China appear to accept their misery. The women in America make every effort to rise above a life that does not place them at equal level as a man.

Comparatives and Superlatives in Spanish

Comparatives and Superlatives in Spanish In English we often use the suffixes -er and -est to indicate that something is or has more or most of a quality. But Spanish takes a different approach. Spanish Comparatives Spanish uses the adverbs ms and menos before an adjective to indicate that something has more or less of a particular quality. Such phrases are known as comparatives. Ms also is often the equivalent of the English suffix -er when applied to adjectives. Some examples: Él es guapo. (He is handsome.)Él es menos guapo. (He is less handsome.)Él es ms guapo. (He is handsomer.)Ella es inteligente. (She is intelligent.)Ella es menos inteligente. (She is less intelligent.)Ella es ms inteligente. (She is more  intelligent.) Such comparatives are explained more fully in the lesson on comparisons of inequality. Spanish Superlatives Superlatives are used to indicate that something has the most of a particular quality, as can be done with the English suffix -est. They are formed in Spanish much like above, except that the definite article is also used, as in these examples: Él es el ms guapo. (He is handsomest.)Él es el menos guapo. (He is the least handsome.)Ella es la ms inteligente. (She is the most intelligent.)Ella es la menos inteligente. (She is the least intelligent.) Plural definite articles can be used, as can the neuter article: Ellos son los ms guapos. (They are handsomest.)Ellas son las menos inteligentes. (They are the least intelligent.)Lo ms importante es amar. (The most important thing is to love.) The suffix -à ©simo or one of its variations is sometimes considered a type of superlative: Ella es altà ­sima. (She is extremely tall.)Él es guapà ­simo. (He is extremely handsome.) Irregular Forms of Comparatives and Superlatives The most common irregular comparatives and superlatives are those involving bueno (good) and malo (bad). The comparative and superlative forms are mejor and peor, respectively: Este coche es bueno. (This car is good.)Este coche es mejor. (This car is better.)Este coche es el mejor. (This car is best.)Esta casa es mala. (This house is bad.)Esta casa es peor. (This house is worse.)Esta casa es la peor. (This house is the worst.) The forms mayor and menor can also be used as irregular comparatives and superlatives when referring to age: Pablo es viejo. (Pablo is old.)Pablo es mayor que su hermano. (Pablo is older than his brother.)Pablo es el mayor de su familia. (Pablo is the oldest in his family.)Katrina es joven. (Katrina is young.)Katrina es menor que su hermana. (Katrina is younger than her sister.)Katrina es la menor de su familia. (Katrina is the youngest in her family.) Finally, pà ©simo is sometimes considered to be an alternate superlative of malo, and mximo an alternate for grande. Sample Sentences Mi principal compromiso es ms pragmtico que ideolà ³gico. (My main promise is more pragmatic than ideological.) El lago de Saoseo es ms azul que el cielo. (Lake Saoseo is bluer than the sky.) La nià ±a cuya belleza le dio el tà ­tulo de la nià ±a ms bonita del mundo ha firmado un lucrativo contrato. (The girl whose beauty gave her the title of the prettiest girl in the world has signed a lucrative contract.) Son ms baratos en otras tiendas. (They are cheaper in other stores.) No hay personaje ms o menos à ºtil; todos tienen su propio rol en el juego. (There is no character more or less useful; all of them have their own roles in the game.) No creo que sea menos importante. (I dont believe its less important.) Este aà ±o ser el mejor aà ±o de la historia de la humanidad. (This year will be the best year in this history of humanity.) De todos los posibles escenarios, ese me parece el menos probable. (Of all the possible scenarios, that seems to me to be the least likely.) Esta decisià ³n es la ms difà ­cil de toda mi vida. (This decision is  the  most difficult one of my whole life.) Gracias, abuelos, por esta divertà ­sima maà ±ana que nos habà ©is regalado,  ¡sois los mejores! (Thanks, grandparents, for this most fun morning you have given us. Youre the best!) Considerada por todos como la peor pelà ­cula de ciencia ficcià ³n de la historia. (It is considered by everybody to be the worst science-fiction film in history.) Key Takeaways Spanish uses ms before an adjective to indicate that someone or someone has more of the adjectives quality.Spanish uses menos before an adjective to indicate that someone or someone has less of the adjectives quality.To indicate that something has the most or least of some quality, precede ms or menos with a definite article such as el or la.

Examine, analyze and explain violent childrens programming from a Research Paper

Examine, analyze and explain violent childrens programming from a content analysis perspective as it relates to network shows su - Research Paper Example The extent of violence and the contexts in which it occurs has been consistently high over the years and has been rising. This essay examines, analyzes, and explains violent children programming from a content analysis perspective as it relates to network shows such as Nick, Disney, and Toon. Continuous watching of television may manipulate viewers' ideas of what the daily world is all about and even induce some violent behaviors in children by changing their general mindset about violence. The media's power to shape perceptions and attitudes is thus questionable. Certain scenes in children programming such as cartoons where animated characters are continuously run over or thrown from the higher grounds but remain dead for a while portrays death as temporary. At times, bullies and violent characters are viewed as heroes thus instilling the mindset in children (Leonard & Christy 78-82). The children’s cartoons are some of the highly violent TV programs that are frequently aired by most TV channels. Unfortunately, the innocence in children is more exposed to violence than the adults by frequent airing of violent scenes in children programs than adult’s programs. Interestingly, the violent acts in the children programs are usually portrayed in a way that authenticates violence by making the actions either funny or acceptable. When either a child or an adult views a violent act, there may be unpleasant effects that may either be long or short term on the viewer (Leonard & Christy 78-82). An exposure to media violence especially to a young child has tremendously strong impact on an individual that may make the child develop very aggressive and violent way of life when he grows up. It is therefore very risky to allow a child to be exposed to such kind of risky media content (Brocato et al. 99-102). The contentious issue is how does the TV violence affect our way of life, attitude and even behaviors yet it is just a matter of just watching a mere materia l. Many grownups are always glued to their TVs in the evening or over the weekends in the name of watching a favorite soap opera. Seemingly, TV programs are one of the worst addictions, which may even literally steal our time and most significantly totally change our mindset irrespective of our age or sex. Most people have postponed doing some very important tasks in the excuse of watching a favorite TV program. It is therefore true that what a person listens to and watches can suddenly change an individual’s style of leaving either regularly or occasionally (Facts for Families, n.p). During the stage of development, children should adopt a way of life that is moral and acceptable to the society by guiding them on what they should watch and listen. What is instilled on a child’s mind while growing can either strengthen or weaken after sometime. An activity or an organ changes its task to adopt to the function that is routinely used as explained in use and reuse theory in biology. This same theory applies to the content of a program watched and the attitude change of the individual because of the program’s content. It is therefore obvious that when children watch violent movies, they will eventually adopt violent behaviors. The ultimate behavior of the child is further strengthened by previous experiences and societal influences (Leonard & Christy 78-82). Disney Films Disney films are several movies released by the Walt

American printing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American printing - Term Paper Example This was a time that the printing industry underwent intense discrimination by the government. Between 1600 and 1800, the printing industry had an established affiliation with the business community. This is because the newspapers would significantly spearhead business transactions through the reliable and efficient communication. Despite of this trend in business, the religious institutions criticized the printing industry. According to the religious institutions, the printing industry would bring emergence of sects. It would also inculcate intense disobedience to the existent leadership. Therefore, the printing industry had diverse affiliations with the different social institutions. Women had a vital role in the printing industry. They contributed to the politics and business of the printing industry. Mrs Glover was a major spearhead in the business and politics of the printing industry in America (Ingersoll, 147). Upon her arrival in Harvard College, she initiated a printing ente rprise that produced pleasant materials to the public. For instance, her enterprise produced â€Å"The Freeman’s Oath† in 1639 (Ingersoll, 147). This was a publication that attracted attention from the masses. Her enterprise oversaw the establishment of other investments in printing. Evidently, Mrs Glover takes a paramount ground in the development of American printing industry. The printing industry entailed diverse publications that targeted diverse groups. The publications that targeted the women had substantial market. For instance, the publications on fashion had outstanding markets as the young ladies had zeal for fashion (Leonard, 6). Therefore, the women had a significant contribution to the development of the printing industries through massive purchases. There were a set of controversies that arose against diverse printers. Zengler was an example of the victims of controversies. Majority of the publications evaluated the level of justice within American leade rship. In this case, the printers would initiate satirical articles within the publications in the quest for justice. Zengler was one of the major voices in ancient American printing industry. In 1734, he directed satirical attacks towards New York’s Governor (Olson, 223). William Cosby was the Governor during this era. During the court proceedings, Zengler’s lawyer conceded that his client had done the publications. However, he challenged the jury to clear Zengler if the satirical attacks were based on truth (Olson, 223). Ultimately, Zengler was cleared by the court. This indicates that the satirical attacks initiated by Zengler were perfect truth. Evidently, American printers suffered legal controversies upon their artistic revelations of truth in their publications. There was intense difficulty upon setting a printing enterprise. Finances were a main struggle that struck the prospective printers (Frasca, 13). In this case, printers had to accumulate finances to init iate an enterprise. They underwent a lengthy process of accumulating finances for their printing enterprises. Despite of the struggle, the print enterprises had ultimate rewards. They would disseminate printed information to the public at a fee. This would be an income generating activity to them. The printing figure had a significant role in the main events of America. It was a major spearhead in America’

Dollar Decline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dollar Decline - Essay Example THESIS STATEMENT The essay intends to describe the impact, which is imposed by decline in the purchasing power of a dollar over the individuals and their respective families. Additionally, it provides the measures that can be adopted in order to combat the declining purchasing power. Moreover, the essay would also reveal the steps that are adopted by the national leaders such as the politicians to mitigate the problem of declined purchasing power of a dollar. HOW IS THIS DECLINE IN THE PURCHASING POWER OF A DOLLAR IMPACT YOU AND OR YOUR FAMILY? With respect to the decline in the value of dollar, the citizens of the US will be facing adequate challenges in relation to their purchasing power as the prices of commodities will increase due to rise in the rate of imported commodities. Specially mentioning, the unemployment rate will also augment due to increased rate of import price for industrial sector, which will unfavorably affect the life of people by a certain degree. It may further lead to scarcity in food products. In this regard, it can be comprehended that a decline in the value of dollar will lead to price inflation and the purchasing power of the people will decrease. ... Thus, decline in the value of dollar will imbalance the economy in relation to trading activities and investments among others. In this regard, a decline in the value of dollar will adversely affect people and their family with increased commodity price and deprived living standards (Feldstien,† The Declining Dollar†; Hammer, â€Å"7 Economic Consequences of a Dollar Collapse†). WHAT CAN YOU DO, FROM A PRACTICAL DAY TO DAY STANDPOINT, TO COMBAT THIS DECLINE IN PURCHASING POWER? The decline in the value of dollar will led to inflation and eventually would decrease the purchasing power of the people. In this regard, the people in order to address or to combat such declining purchasing power are required to devise certain appropriate strategies along with plans. In this situation, people having investments in the stock markets should reinvest and convert those in valuable assets that include gold and silver among others in order to preserve their wealth. Additionally, the people can also seek towards converting dollar in certain other currency. In this regard, people are required to plan their income in accordance with their respective budgets in order to maintain a minimum living standard under such inflationary conditions. Moreover, monetary credit operations ought to be minimized in order to maintain financial stability. Respectively, people with adequate savings and stabilized financial conditions will be facilitated with the opportunity of maintaining their living standards and most vitally combating decline in purchasing power (Mehalko, â€Å"Protecting Purchasing Power in Inflationary and Deflationary Environments†). In order to combat against the decline in purchasing power, people can invest more in real along with

Employee Motivation And Organisational Performance Commerce Essay

Employee Motivation And Organisational Performance Commerce Essay As the hospitality industry keeps on growing, the competition has turned into a battle now. During this tough time it is very pragmatic to hold on to our loyal guest even though there is a ceaseless change in the organization. To overcome this challenge of holding our loyal customers and to keep on attracting new guests, it is very important that the employees are highly motivated. This research critically analyses the factors affecting the motivation of the employees in an organization, it evaluates the effects on the performance of the organization due to motivated employees. It suggests a relationship between the employee motivation and the organizational performance. The research was carried out by taking interviews of the employees as well as the executive member of the hotel in order to get hold of perspective of both the sides. The important factors have been acknowledged and critical analysis has been done. The findings of the research exhibits that the organisation is constantly doing well but there is always a scope of improvement. It also gives the recommendation to improve the organizational performance by motivating the employees. 1 .INTRODUCTION When we think of the term hospitality, different things come in our mind. The first thing what we can think of is hotels. Many people also think about the famous pineapple which held an important part in history when it came to the term hospitality. Hospitality word comes from Latin language i.e.hospitalitem, hospes, and hostis (friendliness to guests) mean to welcome with warmth and care. Hospital also comes from the same source with the concept of caring about human beings who are ill and who want care, support and love. When we speak about hospitality we talk about guests and not customers, as the word guest brings out the full dimension of hospitality and in real terms. The word customer appears less welcoming and it focuses on financial transaction. In hospitality industry we need to greet our guests with a warm and genuine welcome. In order to achieve this we need to create a surrounding which is totally different from outside world. We are talking about warm and hospitable sur rounding with a prompt, pragmatic and professionally delivered service which requires employees who are willing to deliver it. Now the word service comes Latin word servitium meaning act of serving, demonstrates a creative and incorporating function with many shades and intricacies. The meaning of hospitality and service are almost intertwined, it can also be said that if hospitality is strategy than service is tactics. (Sturman et al., 2011). Now in this ever growing hospitality industry, consumer expectation and demands for quality in increasing and consumer tastes is varying on the other hand. To deliver service in this cut throat competition internationally and nationally is very difficult and it requires highly motivated staff. Customer loyalty is another big issue in todays hospitality industry, in order to overcome this issue there has to efficient, motivated staff. Employee motivation is by far the most serious issues in any of the organisation. It is very important to understand and use the motivation technique for managing the people in hospitality industry. Furthermore, customer satisfaction is highly affected by customers perception of employees effort. (Mohr and Bitner, 1995 cites in Kusluvan, 2003.p.339) and effort is what motivation is about. There has been tremendous amount of research done for different employee motivational theories which are conducted outside hospitality industry. Many empirical studies which are done in past on motivational theories have somewhat failed to show the direct linkage between employee motivation and organisational performance. It has been always said that employees are the biggest asset for any organisation and there has been efforts to motivate them without knowing the exact factor that is behind the employee dissatisfaction. To improve any organisations performance three things are very necessary which are productivity, labour efficiency and staff turnover. This is quite evident that if the employee is happy and motivated then the productivity is going to increase by itself. If the employees are happy then loyalty towards the firm increases and it ensues less staff turnover and higher labour efficiency. This research will review the empirical studies done by other researchers on employee motivation and will integrate all the theories and hypothesis in one discussion. The author will also establish a direct linkage that how employee motivation affects organisations performance, how employee motivation helps in increasing loyalty towards the organisation. 1.1 AIM OF THE RESEARCH The aim of the research is to study the relationship between the motivation of the employees and organizational performance. 1.2 OBJECTIVES To critically analyse the employee motivational factors affecting the growth of an organization. To study the relationship between the motivation and organizational performance. To critically evaluate the interpersonal relationship and effects of communication on the level of motivation of employees in West India quay Marriott. To suggest recommendations based on the research and analysis in order to increase the motivation of employees and hence the productivity of an organisation. 2 .LITERATURE REVIEW In order to become good in anything, the only talent you need is motivation Charles de Gaulle. Literature review gives a proper framework to evaluate and critically analyse the various motivational theories and conceptual models which are necessary for the operational functioning of an organization. It relates to various working models of motivational theory used by the organization to keep their employees motivated and increase the productivity of the organization. It is very necessary to understand that the motivational level of the employees working in a particular organization should be on optimum level because of this ever changing dynamics and structure of the hospitality sector. A detailed critical evaluation of the various motivational theory and many empirical research done recently is been carried out by the author, so that a proper understanding of steps which are necessary to launch a proper motivational program for the employees is fulfilled. 2.1 MOTIVATION CONCEPT Its very difficult to give an exact definition of motivation because it varies from individual to individual and culture to culture. The word motivation derives from the Latin verb movere and means to move (Pintrich Shunk, 2002, p.5. cited in Lins (2005).According to Pintrich schunk, the motivation refers to the process whereby goal-directed activity is instigated and sustained (2002.p.5).The term motivation is like a force which moves arouse and direct people. Work motivation therefore refers to a personal desire to work hard and work well to the arousal, direction, and persistence of effort in work settings (Rainey, 2009, p.248.cites in Vellnagel, 2012).Motivation can be referred to as the willingness to exert maximum level of efforts toward organizational goals, conditioned by the efforts ability to satisfy some individual need (Robbins, 1993, cites in Jang, 2008, p.17). Motivation is defined as the direction and persistence of actions (Mullins, 1992 cites in Jang, 2008, p.17).Mullins also states that the motivation is the driving force which drives an individual towards certain goals and expectation. Now the term motivation is explained by various people in the past like Abraham Maslows in his motivation hierarchy, Hertzbergs concept of intrinsic and extrinsic motivating factors. Maslow (1943) explains in his theory that every human being has five needs which are in hierarchy. Hertzberg (1966) critically analyses in his motivation hygiene theory that there are two factors affecting the individuals satisfaction or dissatisfaction with work. Employee motivation research is done by many people to name few of them are Charles and Marshall (1992) and Simon and Enz (1995) but kovachs instrument is the most comprehensively used for all the employee motivation studies. According to Kovach there are ten factors affecting motivation of the employees when he c onducted a study consisting of ten industrial workers in United States, which are as follows: Good wages. Tactful obedience. Job security. Appreciation and praise for work done. Feeling of being involved. Sympathetic help with personal problems and opportunities for growth and advancement. Good working conditions. Personal loyalty to employee. Interesting work. (Kovach.1980, 1987) Kovach in his long study between 1946 and 1986, found a very slow changes of industrial workers wants and needs. For example, higher ranked appreciation and praise was replaced by interesting work. Also it was seen that good wages was always ranked 5th among the ten factors which shows that good wages may not be the most important factor what the employees are seeking when it comes to job. The following changes were based upon the general improvement of Americans standards of living and quality of life. Thereafter Charles and Marshall(1992) simulated Kovachs study among 255 employees of seven Caribbean hotels and the study showed very different results compare to what Kovachs result was. The result showed that the two most important factors of job motivation were good wages and good working conditions. These findings were supported by Simon and Enz (1995), who conducted a survey among 278 hotel employees in different hotels located in United States and Canada. Simon and Enz study showed that good wages, job security and growth were the three most highly ranked factors for job motivation among hospitality employees. These studies can be related to Maslows hierarchical theory of motivation where it is critically analysed that the human behaviour is affected by five needs system in which the most primitive or the basic one is at the bottom of the pyramid and accordingly promotes itself to the most mature one .The five needs of the human being in the Maslows pyramid are as follows Being needs Deficit needs (Created by author Adapted from Maslow 1954) 2.2 EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION The definition of employee satisfaction can be either an overall feeling about the job, or as a linked set of approaches about various aspects of the job (Spector, 1997). Locke (1976) defined employee satisfaction as a satisfying or optimistic emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experience. Levy -Garboua and Mont Marquette (2004) defined employee satisfaction as a guide of preference for the experienced job against outside opportunities qualified on information available at time. A comparison is made in the given definition between the real job experience in the past and the mental experience of outside opportunities available. It also contains the comparison between future expectations of own job and outside opportunities in the future(Levy-Garboua et al.,2007).Employee satisfaction is an important variable which gives a general preview of the employees attitude towards their job and workplace. Hence employee satisfaction is the expectations of an employe e about workplace and attitude towards his job. As a result, job satisfaction is a function of the extent to which ones needs are satisfied in a job (Togia et al., 2004).Considering the different definition of employee satisfaction author argues that expectation can vary from employee to employee from monetary gains to career advancement. Depending upon the needs of the employees, organisations carry out the motivational training program. In this modern time various hospitality industry are concentrating more on HRM i.e. Human Resource Management. Different HRM policies consist of various techniques. In one of the similar research carried out in UK comprising of four organisations showed the link between employees perception of these high commitment performance management practices by HRM and their commitment towards an organisation. The research carried out in UK consisted of 524 questionnaire responses collected from four organisations. The findings in the research clearly posit t hat there is a strong relationship between employee perception on HRM practices and their commitment towards the organisation. The performance of the employee is elevated when there is a trust on HRM policies and employee pursue it as fair (Farndale et al., 2011p.16).HCPM (high commitment performance management) practices achieve their goal of higher commitment provided the practices followed are perceived to be fair by the employees which in turn benefits the overall performance of the organisations (Dirk And Ferrin, 2001 cites in Farndale et al., 2011 p.16). HCWPs should therefore include performance management elements which allow employee engagement (Gardner et al., 2001 cites in Farndale et al., 2011 p.16) and prospects for development, but it also needs to be made on procedures and interactions that are considered fair by employees. Now, the author would like to add that since employees make most important aspect of any organisation, so definitely all the HRM practices put for ward should be benefiting the employees rather than just profitability of the organisation. Having said that, HRM practices should also be pragmatic enough to avoid overdoing of any procedures or practices. The core Motivational idea related with HRM performance research is simple and intuitive. If the people enjoy the work they are given and they do the work with full of their abilities and work harder, they will be motivated to perform at a higher level when given the opportunity to do challenging and enjoyable work. Employees want challenge and personal growth (Walton, 1972.p.71 cites in White and Bryson, 2011.p.4). McDuffie (1995, p.201 cites in White and Bryson, 2011.p.4) argues that employees will only offer discretionary effort if they believe, among other things, that the company will make reciprocal investment in their well-being. Furthermore, another author Appelbaum et al.(2000.p.46 cites in White and Bryson,2011.p.2) posits Jobs that are challenging and make use of worke rs skills are intrinsically rewarding. As HRM is designed to provide jobs that are more satisfying and involving for employees it is natural to assume linear increments in motivation as with Appelbaum et al. (2000.p.46).But authors like Becker and Huselid (2006) and McDuffie (1995) put forward views which are contradictory and they said at after certain level of threshold point the motivation of employees follows a non-linear effects. A contrary view adopted by Marxian labour process theorists is that HRM implies labour escalation and that can have negative incremental effects (eg.Ramsay et al.2000 cites in White and Bryson, 2011.p.3).Finally there is the non-linear model of Godard (2001) where HRM initially has positive effects but at later stages turns negative at high levels of implementation due to work strain. Here author argues that although HRM practices are very much necessary for any organisation and in order to reap profitable results it should strongly signal employees. H RM practices should not be confined to only on specific opportunities for employee participation and personal development but also whether the HRM practices helps in total transformative development that conjures employee identification. 2.3 FACTORS AFFECTING EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION As we saw in research done by Kovach, Charles and Marshall, Simon and Enz that there are many factors which affect employee motivation and satisfaction. These factors keep on changing depending upon the needs of the employees at different time. As Maslow in his famous theory said that the human needs are divided into five basic needs. Then Herzberg came up with dual factor theory stating that man has two sets of needs one of an animal to avoid pain and another of a human to grow psychologically. During all these after much empirical research it has been found that there are many factors which affect employee motivation. In order to measure job satisfaction and motivation of an employee, its very important to measure different facets of the job which is generating employee motivation. Now, Facets of job satisfaction can involve any aspect of the job such as pay, colleagues, supervisors, organisational factors and work conditions (Coomber and Barriball, 2007 cites in Akman et al., 2011 p.677). Pearson (1991 cites in Akman et al., suggests that the employees wait for their job to provide a combination of features (e.g. pay, promotion and autonomy) for which the employee has certain favourable values. Furthermore, while discussing the factors Luthans (1992 cites in Akman, 2011.p.677) posits five factors which affects the employee motivation. These factors are pay, job characteristics, working conditions, management politics and working colleagues. While pay was considered as external factor by Luthans (1992) other factors like job characteristics have been defined as internal factors (Rose, 2003 cites in Akman, 2011.p.677). Mcafee et al., (1995 cites in Akman 2011.p.677) investigated effects of discretion, result feedback and process feedback on employee job motivation. It was found that only discretion and result outcome doesnt affect employee job motivation but it is very necessary to give them process outcome also. Drummond and Stoddard (1991 cites in Akman 2011 .p.678) add to the discussion that employee satisfaction contains an evaluation of various features of the job. These characteristics are working conditions, pay, and relationships with colleagues and supervisor, organisational policies and nature of the work itself. When talking about characteristics of job like working hours, It has been proven in the research that employees who get flexible working hours are more happier and content and they give back more to the organisation. Berg et al., and Dockery (2004,2005 respectively cites in Atkinson and Hall,2011.p.101) posits that flexible working hours helps to promote active states such as being pleased and cheerful because they feel that they are treated well. It also helps to generate passive state which reflects in feelings like contentment and calm, since there is reduction of work-life stress and this all was possible because of flexible hours provided to the employees. Furthermore author adds to the discussion that if the employees are happy, it shows in the overall productivity of an organisation. Basically it is a two way effect if the employee feels that they are taken care of by the organ isation, employees tend to reciprocate this gesture by generating revenue or profit. Management has to create trust among the employees which is another factor that is important for employee motivation. Various people investigated about employee motivation and job satisfaction and among one of them were Kazemzadeh and Bashiri (2005 cited in Akman et al., 2011.p.678) who identified ten main groups which are as follows: Management and personnel relationship. Relation between employees. Employees job satisfaction. Education. Wage and salary. Other welfare facilities. Employees commitment. Job promotion. Performance. Organisations systems and processes. Another author named Bodur (2002 cites in Akman et al., 2011.p.678) suggested that work content, age, gender, educational level, working conditions, location (rural or urban), co-workers, salary and working hours are some of the factors related to job motivation and satisfaction.Kuo et al.,(2010) cites in Akman et al., (2011,p.678) that both job characteristics and employee empowerment are important factor in order to maintain high employee commitment and loyalty towards the organisation. Taking the research even further Jun et al., (2006) investigated direct and indirect relationships among top management commitment, HR-focused TQM practices, and employee satisfaction and employee loyalty. They found a strong relationship between TQM practices and job satisfaction loyalty. Author would like to add further that factors affecting employee motivation can differ from employee to employee depending upon their needs and desires. For e.g. one employee is looking for monetary gains then mon ey will be motivating factor for him and if another employee who is looking for career advancement then promotion and rewards, recognition will be motivating factor for him. 2.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND LOYALTY TOWARDS ORGANISATION Loyalty is an emotional state it signifies the relationship of an employee with the organisation for which they work and that has implications for their decision to remain with the organisation (Allen and Grisaffe, 2001 cites in Akman et al., 2011.p.682).According to another definition loyalty means as attachment to the organisation specially when one is having strong believes in organisational goals and values and has a strong desire to maintain membership of the organisation. Furthermore Becker et al., (1995) defined loyalty in Akman et al., (2011.p.682) as a strong desire to be a part of the organisation and put high levels of effort for the sake of an organisation and definite belief in the goals and values of the organisation. Thus, loyalty is strong belief in goals and values and a desire to be a part of the organisation. Chen (2006) cites in Akman et al., 2011.p.682) that while job motivation represents an effective response to specific features of the job with proper attitude, employee loyalty is in effective response to the whole organisation. Furthermore, empirical evidence suggests that employee motivation and satisfaction are precursor to organisational loyalty of employees. This suggests that organisational loyalty of employees develop from job satisfaction and motivation and which nullifies the effects of staff turnover. Also, author will like to add to the discussion that loyal employees help in organisations growth as they believe in goals and values of the organisation. This also reduces the staff turnover issue leading to high profitability by saving money on recruitment and training of staff. 2.5 LINKAGE BETWEEN EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE For any organisation its employees are the major assets to look for. Employees are the people who help the organisation grow in terms of profitability and revenue. In order to keep the employees motivated HR has a major part to play. One of the first empirical studies carried out to show the linkage between Employee motivation by HR and organisational performance was done by Arthur (1994). Arthur in his study posits that the explicit sets of HR policies, practices and systems that were designed to enhance the employee commitment (e.g. empowerment, due process, high wages and benefits, etc.) was linked to three proficiency measures of firm performance (i.e. productivity, labour efficiency and staff turnover).A similar study was carried out by Huselid (1995) a year later which showed a similar sets of 13 of HR practices known as high performance work system, was related to both efficiency (i.e. employee turnover) and financial measures (i.e. sales, profit, and market value) of firm per formance. There were many studies which were carried out after that which highlighted the important relationship between employee motivation by HR and firms performance. Furthermore author adds to the discussion that although initially efforts broadened the understanding of about this important relationship, a number of scholars challenged the authenticity of the research. One of the most commonly voiced concerns was that most of the research till date used cross sectional research design (Gerhart et al., 2000 cites in Tracey, 2012. p.910). But research has proved that the relationship between employee motivation and firms performance cant be denied. As one the studies carried out by White and Bryson (2011) posits that if the employees believe in the HR policies and practices they feel motivated and it reflects in their work which leads to higher productivity. 2.6 DIFFERENT MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES USED IN HOSPITALITY SECTOR There are several motivational theories which are used in hospitality sector to improve the employee motivation. Author has briefly evaluated few of them in the below tree diagram. (Created by author adapted from Vellnagel 2012) Furthermore, the difference between the content theory and the process theory is that content theories focuses on factors which leads the individual feel motivated within inside whereas process theories concentrates on the dynamics of motivation and how it takes place. Content theory consists of: Maslows needs of hierarchy theory. Hertzbergs two factor theory. Achievement motivation theory. ERG theory. Process theory consists of: Vrooms Expectancy theory. Goal setting theory. Adams Equity theory. Porters Performance Satisfaction Model. As the concept of motivation is very broad and since it would go beyond his scope of work author has liked to discuss and analyse only selected theories of motivation in the research. 2.6.1 CONTENT THEORIES The content theories supposed that all the individuals have same sets of needs (Fincham, Rhodes: 2005 cited in Vellnagel 2012).They gave importance to the reasons for motivated behaviour (Tosi, Mero, Rizzo: 2000, p.129) of individuals. The most famous of all the content theories are Maslows hierarchy of needs(1943),Hertzberg two factor theory(1959),the job characteristics approach(Hackman,Oldham:1980) and McClellands achievement power theory(1961). 1. Maslows Hierarchy of needs theory The most simple and well known motivational theory was put forth by Humanistically oriented psychologist Abraham Maslow (Arnold et al, 2005.cited in Vellnagel 2012).In 1943 Maslow put proposed a theory of humans function namely according to the sequential hierarchical order of the development of five basic needs (Latham, 2007. cited in Vellnagel 2012).According to Maslow if any of these needs are fulfilled then the individual goes on to fulfil the other needs. If the all the needs are satisfied then the level of motivation goes down. 2. Hertzbergs two factor theory In 1959, Hertzberg proposed a theory on his findings that the man has two set of needs, one of an animal to avoid pain and the other of a human to grow psychologically. These findings led him to put forth a dual theory of motivation which is being used for management training and work motivation program worldwide. This theory critically analyses the factors which makes the employee feel happy at work and leads to job motivation and these factors were called motivators for obvious reason. These motivators are intrinsic factors which are directly affecting the inner feelings and self-esteem of the employees (e.g. Career advancement, achievement, work itself, responsibility, job growth).On the other hand factors which lead to job dissatisfaction are extrinsic factors and are related to external working conditions, relationship with colleagues and supervisors, wages, personal life and these are called hygiene factors. (House, R.Wigdor, L.2006) 2.6.2 PROCESS THEORIES The process theory aims at the identification of relationships among dynamic variables which make up motivation (Mullins, 2001.p.237).They look at mental processes which cause the motivation in an individual. The process theory is all about how behaviour is being created. There are various classical process theory like Adams Equity theory (1963), Expectancy theory by Vroom (1964), Lathams and Lockes goal setting theory (1984). 1. Adams equity theory An American behavioural psychologist named John Stacey Adams, proposed the Equity Theory in 1963 which is possibly the most readily understandable psychological process(Riley,2000.p.26 cited in Vellnagel,2012).Equity theory aims at an individual feelings of how fairly he has been treated in comparison to others. According to this theory people develop a belief of what is fair reward for ones job contribution that is an exchange. Most exchanges involve a number of inputs and outcomes. People compare the exchanges with their employer to exchanges with other insiders and outsiders. If an employee then believes that he is unfairly treated then he will seek justice. 2. Vroom expectancy theory A sophisticated theory of motivation was put forth by Victor Vroom in 1964 and it focuses on the concept of expectancy (Van der Wagen, Davies.1998, p.31 cited in Vellnagel.2012).Instead of aiming on the factors of work which maintain and energize behaviour (Latham, 2007.p.44 cited in Vellnagel, 2012).The theory was inspired on thoughts that a individuals activity leads to a certain behaviour and then this behaviour leads to a certain result. Vrooms theory consist of three variables which are expectancy(E),instrumentality(I) and valence(V) due to which it is also called as the valence-instrumentality-expectancy theory. Both expectancy and instrumentality are possibilities or probabilities. It is about what the individuals estimates to be the likelihood of good performance leading to valued rewards, and of effort leading to good performance. The product of the three variables equals the force (F) of an individuals motivation to perform. Therefore F=E*I*V FINDINGS In order to find the research study satisfactory an overall practical approach of all the four motivational theories should be considered. Maslows theory was one of the basic motivational theories but it was also one of the most criticised theories. The reason was because it was vague and didnt predict behaviour; also it was based upon the socio-philosophical approach reflecting only middle class of white Americans from mid twentieth century (Buchanan,H,2010.p.269).It should also be noted that even though Maslows theory was criticised but this theory has huge influence on todays management practice. The two factors theory put forth by Hertzberg was another motivational theory which was not spared from criticism. Its believed that there might be a gap between what people think motivates them and what actually motivates them. People could relate their success to their personal efforts and blame people or the organization for the failure. However, the two factors theory describes the employees needs and also the rise in motivational level after the redesigned job (Fincham, R.2005.p.200). The two process theory are good but not good enough. The best Adams equity theory is best when comparing salaries. As it is well known fact that money can be measured but education. Knowledge, training and effort are not measurable. Same can be said about the Vrooms theory of expectancy, after a critical analysis its been found that Vroom theory is a nice mathematical approach but when it comes to identifying and quantifying the expectancy of a certain motivation to a task, it is becomes very complicated and also the practical approach is very low (Fincham,R.2005.p.209 et seq.) 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This part of the research concentrates on the methods that need to be adopted in order to conduct the research. Research can be defined as the systematic approach of seeking solutions towards a problem. Research comprises of investigation, recording and analysis of evidence for the sole purpose of gaining knowledge. Every research has this issue of choosing the most appropriate method so that the objectives

A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller as a Tragedy Essay -- Tragedie

A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller as a Tragedy A view from the Bridge was written by Arthur Miller in 1955 and set in the 1950's Brooklyn, New York. Most of this area was inhabited by immigrants that arrived from countries such as Italy and Sicily, before the restriction of immigrant's law was passed. Although the law denies people to migrate to the country. Illegal immigrants will often be smuggled in from countries like Sicily. The main area is based in Red Hook. Illegal immigrants come into the country and work on the dockyards and Sicily at the time was in great poverty and hardship. The people in this area of red hook are Italian American civilian citizens that have travelled the Island of Sicily because of the hard times that they have had. Such things like no cars, no food, no school, no clean water and no jobs for the poor. Two such characters are in the play called Rodolfo and Marco, who are brothers. That has come from such areas of Sicily. Eddie is married to Beatrice but has sexual feelings for his niece, Catherine and because of his pride he cannot admit that he is in the wrong. This makes it difficult for him to take good advice when given. Eventually Eddie cannot take the thought of losing Catherine to Rodolfo, he phones the immigration bureau and tells them about Rodolfo and Marco. When the immigration officers come and take Rodolfo and Marco. Marco realises that Eddie was the one who told the immigration officers about them being illegal immigrants. Marco is furious because he knows that he has no chance of staying in America and provide money for his family in Sicily. Whereas if Rodolfo marries Catherine he would become an American citizen. Finally when the day of Catherine?s an... ...still relevant today because it still goes on in today?s world. For example Natural law uses emotions to kill people and the government uses constitutional law to stop people by using the police. I think that ?A View from the Bridge? has been a very good tragedy and has a good structure so people can learn the moral of the play. I would class ?A View from the Bridge? as an excellent classic tragedy because it has all the Aristotelian elements for a classic tragedy. One of the main ways of being a classic tragedy is that it has to be didactic and ?A View from the Bridge? is very didactic with a chorus which keeps you informed and explained what is going on so that the audience are always one step ahead of the play. Also a classic tragedy is ?Universal truth? so it can relate to anyone, people can watch the play a century later and still learn from it.

Deception Point Page 59

In about five minutes the President would introduce Ekstrom and his NASA staff. Then, in a dramatic satellite linkup from the top of the world, NASA would join the President in sharing this news with the world. After a brief account of how the discovery was made, what it meant for space science, and some mutual backpatting, NASA and the President would hand duty off to celebrity scientist Michael Tolland, whose documentary would roll for just under fifteen minutes. Afterward, with credibility and enthusiasm at its peak, Ekstrom and the President would say their good-nights, promising more information to come in the days ahead via endless NASA press conferences. As Ekstrom sat and waited for his cue, he felt a cavernous shame settling inside him. He'd known he would feel it. He'd been expecting it. He'd told lies†¦ endorsed untruths. Somehow, though, the lies seemed inconsequential now. Ekstrom had a bigger weight on his mind. In the chaos of the ABC production room, Gabrielle Ashe stood shoulder to shoulder with dozens of strangers, all necks craned toward the bank of television monitors suspended from the ceiling. A hush fell as the moment arrived. Gabrielle closed her eyes, praying that when she opened them she would not be looking at images of her own naked body. The air inside Senator Sexton's den was alive with excitement. All of his visitors were standing now, their eyes glued to the large-screen television. Zach Herney stood before the world, and incredibly, his greeting had been awkward. He seemed momentarily uncertain. He looks shaky, Sexton thought. He never looks shaky. â€Å"Look at him,† somebody whispered. â€Å"It has to be bad news.† The space station? Sexton wondered. Herney looked directly into the camera and took a deep breath. â€Å"My friends, I have puzzled for many days now over how best to make this announcement†¦ â€Å" Three easy words, Senator Sexton willed him. We blew it. Herney spoke for a moment about how unfortunate it was that NASA had become such an issue in this election and how, that being the case, he felt he needed to preface the timing of his impending statement with an apology. â€Å"I would have preferred any other moment in history to make this announcement,† he said. â€Å"The political charge in the air tends to make doubters out of dreamers, and yet as your President, I have no choice but to share with you what I have recently learned.† He smiled. â€Å"It seems the magic of the cosmos is something which does not work on any human schedule†¦ not even that of a president.† Everyone in Sexton's den seemed to recoil in unison. What? â€Å"Two weeks ago,† Herney said, â€Å"NASA's new Polar Orbiting Density Scanner passed over the Milne Ice Shelf on Ellesmere Island, a remote landmass located above the Eightieth Parallel in the high Arctic Ocean.† Sexton and the others exchanged confused looks. â€Å"This NASA satellite,† Herney continued, â€Å"detected a large, high-density rock buried two hundred feet under the ice.† Herney smiled now for the first time, finding his stride. â€Å"On receiving the data, NASA immediately suspected PODS had found a meteorite.† â€Å"A meteorite?† Sexton sputtered, standing. â€Å"This is news?† â€Å"NASA sent a team up to the ice shelf to take core samples. It was then that NASA made†¦ † He paused. â€Å"Frankly, they made the scientific discovery of the century.† Sexton took an incredulous step toward the television. No†¦. His guests shifted uneasily. â€Å"Ladies and gentlemen,† Herney announced, â€Å"several hours ago, NASA pulled from the Arctic ice an eight-ton meteorite, which contains†¦ † The President paused again, giving the whole world time to lean forward. â€Å"A meteorite which contains fossils of a life-form. Dozens of them. Unequivocal proof of extraterrestrial life.† On cue, a brilliant image illuminated on the screen behind the President-a perfectly delineated fossil of an enormous buglike creature embedded in a charred rock. In Sexton's den, six entrepreneurs jumped up in wide-eyed horror. Sexton stood frozen in place. â€Å"My friends,† the President said, â€Å"the fossil behind me is 190 million years old. It was discovered in a fragment of a meteorite called the Jungersol Fall which hit the Arctic Ocean almost three centuries ago. NASA's exciting new PODS satellite discovered this meteorite fragment buried in an ice shelf. NASA and this administration have taken enormous care over the past two weeks to confirm every aspect of this momentous discovery before making it public. In the next half hour you will be hearing from numerous NASA and civilian scientists, as well as viewing a short documentary prepared by a familiar face whom I'm sure you all will recognize. Before I go any further, though, I absolutely must welcome, live via satellite from above the Arctic Circle, the man whose leadership, vision, and hard work is solely responsible for this historic moment. It is with great honor that I present NASA administrator Lawrence Ekstrom.† Herney turned to the screen on perfect cue. The image of the meteorite dramatically dissolved into a regal-looking panel of NASA scientists seated at a long table, flanked by the dominant frame of Lawrence Ekstrom. â€Å"Thank you, Mr. President.† Ekstrom's air was stern and proud as he stood up and looked directly into the camera. â€Å"It gives me great pride to share with all of you, this-NASA's finest hour.† Ekstrom spoke passionately about NASA and the discovery. With a fanfare of patriotism and triumph, he segued flawlessly to a documentary hosted by civilian science-celebrity Michael Tolland. As he watched, Senator Sexton fell to his knees in front of the television, his fingers clutching at his silver mane. No! God, no! 69 Marjorie Tench was livid as she broke away from the jovial chaos outside the Briefing Room and marched back to her private corner in the West Wing. She was in no mood for celebration. The phone call from Rachel Sexton had been most unexpected. Most disappointing. Tench slammed her office door, stalked to her desk, and dialed the White House operator. â€Å"William Pickering. NRO.† Tench lit a cigarette and paced the room as she waited for the operator to track down Pickering. Normally, he might have gone home for the night, but with the White House's big windup into tonight's press conference, Tench guessed Pickering had been in his office all evening, glued to his television screen, wondering what could possibly be going on in the world about which the NRO director did not have prior knowledge. Tench cursed herself for not trusting her instincts when the President said he wanted to send Rachel Sexton to Milne. Tench had been wary, feeling it was an unnecessary risk. But the President had been convincing, persuading Tench that the White House staff had grown cynical over the past weeks and would be suspect of the NASA discovery if the news came from in-house. As Herney had promised, Rachel Sexton's endorsement had squelched suspicions, prevented any skeptical in-house debate, and forced the White House staff to move forward with a unified front. Invaluable, Tench had to admit. And yet now Rachel Sexton had changed her tune. The bitch called me on an unsecured line. Rachel Sexton was obviously intent on destroying the credibility of this discovery, and Tench's only solace was knowing the President had captured Rachel's earlier briefing on videotape. Thank God. At least Herney had thought to obtain that small insurance. Tench was starting to fear they were going to need it. At the moment, however, Tench was trying to stem the bleeding in other ways. Rachel Sexton was a smart woman, and if she truly intended to go head-to-head with the White House and NASA, she would need to recruit some powerful allies. Her first logical choice would be William Pickering. Tench already knew how Pickering felt about NASA. She needed to get to Pickering before Rachel did.

Weltys Petrified Man response. essays

Weltys Petrified Man response. essays Weltys Petrified Man response. Eudora Welty's "Petrified Man" admits the reader into the "woman's world" of the beauty shop. This is a place where a woman can sit down, relax, maximize her self-esteem without any effort, and catch up on the gossip around town. Regardless of the location, this exists everywhere. What makes Eudora Weltys play, Petrified Man so intriguing is her ability to define her views of a Mississippians personality as unintelligent and over concerned with unimportant events. Welty defines this through two female characters, Leota and Mrs. Fletcher who take part in the gossiping atmosphere of a beauty salon. Throughout the duration of the play, Leota and Mrs. Fletcher share stories of their lives and the lives of others with a southern dialect. Welty portrays the women as having poor intellectual level through their poor use of word choice and sentence structure. Weltys choice of choosing a relaxing, comfortable location to define a Mississippian as unintelligent is how her audience is able to see the full illustration of what Welty is trying to portray. Within the gossiping atmosphere of a beauty salon, Leota and Mrs. Fletcher talk amongst each other and overreact over unimportant events. Mrs. Fletcher, for example, gets upset over hearing the news that the town was beginning to hear about her pregnancy. This over reaction is significant to Weltys definition because what Mrs. Fletcher failed to realize is that she would begin to show within the next months, and everyone in the town would find out nevertheless. A low intellectual level and over reacting is what Welty accomplished through her definition of a Mississippians personality as seen is Petrified Man. ...

Free Essays on Reflection

Reflection paper In a world where people are murdering, stealing and harming each other, it’s hard to find the good in people now a days. The people who are doing these behaviors need help. That’s where I step in hopefully when I am certified to be a counselor. I think that people are generally created innately good and then go create their own nature. I could prove this by just want I learn about God in all my religion classes. â€Å"GOD DOESN’T MAKE GARBAGE†. Now some of us have it better than other, which can really hurt our chances to do well in this world. If you where born a thug, in a bad neighborhood and then hung out all with a bad crowd, chances are you will become a bad person. That why these kids or adults need direction in the right way. This is an important knowledge to have when you are trying to get in to counseling. If you don’t have hope for these people then I wouldn’t think you would make too much of a change to the world or you clients. I think when you are sitting down looking at your client you need to have in back of your mind; this is a good person, who just made some mistakes. I think it is imperative that you need a view people like when you are helping. No matter how impossible it seems, I think everyone can change his/her own way of thinking, it just takes a lot of time and tears sometimes. God created this human being for good not bad, that what were here to help them find out. Also I know some people don’t like Catholicism with their counseling, but I think you need to have some kind of faith in your background if you are going too help other or at least a good judgment of moral good. Having a good moral judgment means you have values in your life. Values are beliefs you have in life that are worth a lot to you. For example, I value life more than anything in this world. I think murder and suicide is terrible. We are built on this world for life, when someone takes that a way; I think t... Free Essays on Reflection Free Essays on Reflection Reflection paper In a world where people are murdering, stealing and harming each other, it’s hard to find the good in people now a days. The people who are doing these behaviors need help. That’s where I step in hopefully when I am certified to be a counselor. I think that people are generally created innately good and then go create their own nature. I could prove this by just want I learn about God in all my religion classes. â€Å"GOD DOESN’T MAKE GARBAGE†. Now some of us have it better than other, which can really hurt our chances to do well in this world. If you where born a thug, in a bad neighborhood and then hung out all with a bad crowd, chances are you will become a bad person. That why these kids or adults need direction in the right way. This is an important knowledge to have when you are trying to get in to counseling. If you don’t have hope for these people then I wouldn’t think you would make too much of a change to the world or you clients. I think when you are sitting down looking at your client you need to have in back of your mind; this is a good person, who just made some mistakes. I think it is imperative that you need a view people like when you are helping. No matter how impossible it seems, I think everyone can change his/her own way of thinking, it just takes a lot of time and tears sometimes. God created this human being for good not bad, that what were here to help them find out. Also I know some people don’t like Catholicism with their counseling, but I think you need to have some kind of faith in your background if you are going too help other or at least a good judgment of moral good. Having a good moral judgment means you have values in your life. Values are beliefs you have in life that are worth a lot to you. For example, I value life more than anything in this world. I think murder and suicide is terrible. We are built on this world for life, when someone takes that a way; I think t...

Contemporary Issues Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Contemporary Issues - Research Paper Example However, public opinion continues to largely support the retention of the Death Penalty in America. The Death Penalty, or Capital Punishment, continues to remain one of the most controversial subjects in the criminal justice system throughout the world. Proponents and opponents of the Death Penalty tend to be passionately vehement in supporting the validity of their respective positions, and the debate continues to rouse strong views in contemporary society. State legalized executions have been institutionalized as a part of the legal system in several nations. Despite repeated calls by the United Nations Human Rights Commission for the global abolition of the Death Penalty, about seventy-eight countries retain Capital Punishment as a penalty in their criminal justice systems. As of 2008, China is the leading imposer of the Death Penalty in the world (1,718), followed by Saudi Arabia (102), Iran (346), the United States (37), Pakistan (36) and Iraq (34). These countries account for 95% of Capital Punishment in the world (DPIC, 2010). The history of the Death Penalty can be traced to the earliest genesis of a legal system in human history. It dates back to the Babylonic Code of Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C. and was incorporated in the Seventh Century B.C.s Draconian Code of Athens, the Fourteenth Century B.C.s Hittite Code and in the Fifth Century B.C.s Roman Law of the Twelve Tablets. The frequency of Capital Punishment, and the crimes which were considered to merit the Death Penalty, varied over the following centuries, and the practice was introduced in America by the European settlers, largely influenced by Britain. The first recorded execution in colonial times was that of Captain George Kendall, in the Jamestown colony of Virginia in 1608, on charges of espionage. Cesare Beccarias 1767 essay, On

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 12

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Leonardo Da Vinci Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leonardo Da Vinci - Research Paper Example His extensive art work has been split up and most of it is wasted as it was on paper. Like his vast variety of themes and genres, he used different medium for his artistic works. However, no matter which medium he uses, the quality of work remains the same. He used oil paints, pen, tempera etc. on walls, paper, poplar and gesso proving that art is not reliant on a single medium. The sfumato technique admired me the most. Leonardo’s expertise in this technique gave lifelong charm to his artistic works. It creates a smoky or cloudy look which may not be incorporated in other artists’ work that well (Leonardo & Goldscheider, 1959 pp. 173-177). The most important thing is the reputation and overwhelming distinction given to Leonardo’s work. Mona Lisa is one of the first art works that appear in people’s mind when they think about art. Having heard about Leonardo’s artistic abilities, I chose writing on his art work. His placement of objects, color choices, expertise of giving prominence to one object and making less prominent the other, his ideas and knowledge of color art provides a deeper insight of his work. His art cannot be categorized in purely impressionism, art nouvea or any other. The distinct qualities of his works can be identified by simply analyzing two extremely different pieces of his art like ‘Vitruvian Man’ and ‘last

The Independent Review Essay Example for Free

The Independent Review Essay E. M. Forster (1879-1790) was the author of many well-known novels, and also several volumes of short-stories, essays and criticism. He is best-known for his 1924 novel A Passage to India, which has enjoyed a world-wide audience ever since its publication. Today he is considered as one of the prominent figures of British literature of the first half of the twentieth century. Forster once wrote, â€Å"Life is easy to chronicle, but bewildering to practice. † Edward Morgan Forster himself began his ‘bewildering practice’ on 1 January 1879, in London. When he was eight-years old, he inherited an amount ? 8000 from his great-aunt, Marianne Thornton, of whom he would later write a biography. This inheritance was sufficient to let Forster pursue his education and literary career in relative freedom from financial constraints and worries. Upon his graduation from Tonbridge School, Forster secured admission into Kings College, Cambridge where he studied classics and history, and was partly under the tutelage of Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, of whom he would later write a biography. At Cambridge, he was exposed to the values of liberal humanism and cultivated a respect for the freedom of individuality of human beings. Under the influence of the philosopher G. E. Moore, Forster developed an aesthetic belief that contemplating beauty of art constituted a nobler purpose in life. He also became a strong believer in the value of friendships, and struck lasting friendships which meant a great deal to him throughout his life. He would later travel to India with a group of university friends. â€Å"If I had to choose between betraying my country and betraying my friend, I hope I should have the guts to betray my country,† he would later say. During these years of higher education, Forster was a member of an intellectual clique at Cambridge called the Apostles, and through them came into contact with the members of the Bloomsbury Group, with which he would associate more closely in the subsequent years (Childs 6). Completing his education at Cambridge, he left England on a long trip to Italy and Austria, which would last for one year. Forster would spend a significant period of his life traveling. It was around this time, in 1901, that he began exercising his writing skills. He then started working at Working Mens College and subsequently taught at the extra-mural department of the Cambridge Local Lectures Board. Forsters literary career began in 1903, when he began writing for The Independent Review, a liberal publication that he co-founded with Lowes Dickinson and used as a platform for advocating anti-imperialism. Soon, Forster became a published author with the appearance of his first novel Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905). Forster used his knowledge of Italy to create a story that juxtaposed and contrasted the passionate world of Italy with the constricting values of suburban England. The result is a social comedy, which rather interestingly ends up as a tragedy dealing with rather unsavory aspects of death and frustrated love. It is the story of a young English widow, Lilia, who falls in love with an Italian, but the members of her family cannot accept this and try to wrest her back. This work was not well received by the public. By 1910, Forster would have written three more novels. The Longest Journey (1907) and A Room with a View (1908) exhibit a growing maturity in literary skills and artistic scope, and Howards End (1910) saw his rise to fame. Forster wrote most of his short stories and four novels before 1910. In the sixty years he lived after that, he would write only two novels, Maurice, in 1914, and A Passage to India, in 1924 (Tambling 2). After publishing his first novel, Forster left for Germany and worked for several months as tutor to the Countess von Arnim, in a place called Nassenheide. This experience would serve him in the characterization of Schlegel sisters in Howards End. Back in England, in 1907, he took on the role of a private tutor for an Indian Muslim, with whom he developed a close relationship that could be seen as homosexual love. Forsters famous work A Passage to India would be dedicated to this person. Forster was a covert homosexual all through his life. The posthumous publishing of his homosexual novel Maurice (1971) offers strong testimony to his sexual orientation, although it is difficult to ascertain how far his homosexual orientation may have influenced his work in general. However, he certainly felt frustrated for not being able to write about homosexual themes openly and it is possible that he stopped writing novels half-way through his life out of such frustration. In 1907, Forster wrote and published a novel about his Cambridge days, The Longest Journey. It tells the story of an undergraduate and a struggling writer, Rickie Elliot, who abandons friendship for the sake marriage, but is enlightened by his pagan half-brother. The Longest Journey was also Forsters favorite novel, despite the poor response it got from the critics and the public. Around this time, Forster was closely associated with the Bloomsbury Group, and was interacting with people such as Lytton Strachey and Rogery Fry. In his third novel, A Room with a View, which is also his second Anglo-Italian novel partly set in Florence and partly in English suburbia, Forster displays his contempt for English snobbery. It is a light and optimistic tale, a story of misunderstandings which however ends on a happy note as Lucy Honeychurch, the protagonist, acknowledges her love for the impulsive George Emerson over her feelings for the intellectual Cecil Vyse. Forster’s novels have already begun to display a common theme of sensitive characters struggling with the inflexibility of social codes that they are encumbered with as well the relative insensitivity of those around them. It can be conjectured that Forster’s frustration at the opposition of the conservative values of his time to his homosexuality may have taken a general form portraying the oppression of social rigidness in his novels. In 1910 came Howards End which is a social novel about sections of the middle classes, focusing on the question of who will inherit â€Å"Howards End,† which is Forsters metonym for England. The story centers on the relationship between the intellectual German Schelgel sisters and the practical, male-dominated, business-oriented Wilcox family. In the novel, Forster attempted to find a way for Wilcox money to become the support for Schlegel culture, and also for the future of rural England to be taken away from the influence of urban, commercial interests and placed once more in the hands of the farmers. The novel presents an ambitious social message, though not wholly practical or convincing. Howards End finally secured Forsters reputation and established him as a novelist. However, he would only publish one novel in the rest of his long life, besides sporadic publication of short stories, essays and so on. In 1911, Forster brought out a collection of short stories entitled The Celestial Omnibus. In 1912-13 he made his first visit to India, with R. C. Trevelyan, Dickinson and G. H. Luce. Here, he had the chance to observe the British colonial administration first-hand. After this trip, he wrote most of the first section of A Passage to India, but it was not until after a second visit, in 1921, when he spent six months as private secretary to a Hindu Maharajah, that he completed it. His masterpiece was published in 1924 and was unanimously praised by literary critics. Around this time he also worked on the homosexual novel Maurice: A Romance. Though it would not be published until after his death, it was circulated privately at the time, and is a story of cross-class homosexual love the kind of which Forster himself yearned for. During World War I, he worked with the International Red Cross and was stationed in Alexandria, Egypt. He also became a strong supporter of the Alexandrian poet C. P. Cavfy. During his stay in Alexandria, he struck an acquaintance with a teenaged tram conductor, Mohammed el-Adl, with whom he fell in deep love. Mohammed would die of tuberculosis in Alexandria in spring of 1922, and this loss weighed heavily on Forster for the rest of his life. Forster returned to England in 1919, after the war, but set off traveling again in 1921. On this trip to India he worked as the private secretary to the Maharajah of Dewas Senior, and his letters home from the two Indian trips were later published as The Hill of Devi (1953). In 1922 he published Alexandria: A History and a Guide, but could get it into circulation only in 1938. Pharos and Pharillon, which is a collection of Forsters essays on Alexandria together with some translations of Cavafys poems, was published in 1923. All through this time, Forster had been reworking on A Passage to India, which was published in 1924, almost a decade and a half after his previous novel Howards End. It is a novel about the clash between Eastern and Western cultures during British rule in India, and is generally considered among major literary works of the twentieth century. It is the story of Adela Quested and Mrs. Moores journey to India to visit Adelas fiance, and Mrs Moores son, Ronny Heaslop. There they meet a college teacher, Cyril Fielding, who is an avatar of Forster himself, the Hindu Brahmin Dr Godbole and the Muslim Dr Aziz. The novel revolves around Dr Azizs alleged assault Adela. Ms. Quested reports of an attempted assault by the Dr. Aziz and subsequently retracts her complaint. Once again, misunderstanding features prominently in Forster’s narrative. A Passage to India was widely acclaimed. For example, a critic at New York Times wrote: â€Å"The crystal-clear portraiture, the delicate conveying of nuances of thought and life, and the astonishing command of his medium show Mr. Forster at the height of his powers† (Forster, front flap). But mysteriously, at the height of his powers, Forster would choose to renounce novel writing. Some have speculated this could be because he felt he could not write openly and honestly about homosexual relations which he longed to write about. In 1927 he gave the Clark lectures at Cambridge University, which were published as Aspects of the Novel the same year. He was also offered a fellowship at Kings College, Cambridge. In 1928, his second collection of short stories, The Eternal Moment, was published. It is a collection of six stories predominated by fantasy and romance. For a while during the 30’s and 40’s, Forster became popular as a broadcaster on BBC radio. In 1934, he published his first biography Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson. By this time he had been an active member of PEN, which was an association of writers founded in 1921 to promote the interests of literature. His opposition against the suppression of Radclyffe Halls lesbian novel The Well of Romance in 1928 helped him to become the first president of the National Council for Civil Liberties, in 1934. He was also seen as a noteworthy personage associated with the British Humanist Association. Around this time, Forster enjoyed a fulfilling personal life. He was involved in a happy relationship with a constable in the London Metropolitan Police, and was on friendly terms with his wife. He was part of social circle, which included the writer and editor of The Listener J. R. Ackerley, the psychologist W. J. H. Sprott, the composer Benjamin Britten, and such noted figures of the society. Forster also associated with many writers such as the poet Siegfried Sassoon and the Belfast-based novelist Forrest Reid. In 1936, Forster published his first collection of essays and occasional pieces, Abinger Harvest. At this point, he was elected Honorary Fellow of Kings, which entitled him to live at the college, as he did for the rest of his life. In 1947, he set out on lecture tours in the United States, and two years later he was offered and refused knighthood from the King. The same year he wrote the libretto for Benjamin Brittens opera Billy Budd, based on Herman Melvilles novella. The year 1951 saw the publication of Forsters second collection of essays and articles, Two Cheers for Democracy. In the immediately following years there was the publication of The Hill of Devi and two short-story volumes, under the generic name Collected Short Stories. The last published work of his life was Marianne Thornton, the biography of his great-aunt whose gift allowed him to go to Cambridge. In 1969 Forster was awarded the Order of Merit. He died shortly thereafter. E. M. Forster has never lacked for readers, is widely studied, has had his novels turned into highly marketable films, and has encouraged criticism usually of a strongly liberal-humanist kind, notes Tambling in his introduction to a book of critical essays on E. M. Forster. Forster explored the shortcomings of the English middle class and their emotional deficiencies, employing irony and wit. Today he is remembered for the impeccable style of writing that is evident in all of his novels and short stories. References: Childs, Peter. 2002. â€Å"A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on E. M. Forsters A Passage to India† (Routledge Literary Sourcebooks). London : Routledge. Forster, E. M. â€Å"A Passage to India. † 1989. Orlando, FL : Harcourt Brace Tambling, Jeremy. â€Å"E. M. Forster: Contemporary Critical Essays† (New Casebooks). 1995. New York : St. Martins Press.